In 1866, Napoleon abruptly announced the withdrawal of French troops from Mexico. Ju rez, meanwhile, refused to resign the presidency, and his supporters waged military operations against Maximilian with help from the U.S.
Maximilian proved too modern for the conservatives, however, and he disappointed Napoleon by not consolidating power quickly enough to repay the costs of putting him on the throne. When liberal lawyer Benito Ju rez became president in 1861, Mexico's conservative leaders encouraged French emperor Napoleon III to invade the country and install Habsburg archduke Ferdinand Maximilian and his wife, Carlota, as Mexico's monarchs. influence by rejecting "radical democracy" and aligning with European monarchies, and liberals who wanted to secularize the country and make it more republican. Historian Shawcross's impressive debut recounts a significant yet overlooked chapter in the 19th-century struggle over "who would govern the Americas, and how they would be governed." He details tensions in Mexico between conservatives who sought to curb U.S.
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